View source for Help:Displaying a formula

{{Short description|Project help page about displaying math formulas}}
{{Redirect2|WP:MATH|WP:MATHS|the WikiProject on mathematics|Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics|Wikipedia's mathematics style manual|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics|the mathematics reference desk|Wikipedia:Reference desk/Mathematics|guidance on whether mathematical calculations are original research|WP:CALC}}
{{Wikipedia how-to|WP:FORMULA|WP:MATH|WP:MATHS|WP:LATEX}}
[[File:Editing a formula using VisualEditor.png|thumb|This screenshot shows the formula {{math|1=''E'' = ''mc''{{smallsup|2}}}} being edited using [[VisualEditor]]. The window is opened by typing "<nowiki><math></nowiki>" in VisualEditor. The visual editor shows a button that allows to choose one of three offered modes to display a formula.]]

There are three methods for displaying formulas in Wikipedia: raw [[HTML]], HTML with [[template:math templates|math templates]] (abbreviated here as {{tl|math}}), and a subset of [[LaTeX]] implemented with the [[HTML markup]] <syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline><math></math></syntaxhighlight> (referred to as ''LaTeX'' in this article). Each method has some advantages and some disadvantages, which have evolved over the time with improvements of [[MediaWiki]]. The manual of style [[MOS:MATH]] has not always evolved accordingly. So the how-to recommendations that appear below may differ from those of the manual of style. In this case, they express a [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]] resulting of the practice of most experienced members of [[WP:WikiProject Mathematics|WikiProject Mathematics]] and many discussions at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics]]. 

For example, the famous [[Einstein formula]] can be entered in raw HTML as <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{nowrap|''E'' {{=}} ''mc''<sup>2</sup>}}</syntaxhighlight>, which is rendered as {{nowrap|''E'' {{=}} ''mc''<sup>2</sup>}} (the template {{tl|nowrap}} is here only for avoiding a line break inside the formula). With {{tl|math}}, it can be entered as <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|''E'' {{=}} ''mc''{{sup|2}}}}</syntaxhighlight>, which is rendered as {{math|''E'' {{=}} ''mc''{{sup|2}}}}. With LaTeX, it is entered as <syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline><math>E=mc^2</math></syntaxhighlight>, and rendered as <math>E=mc^2</math>.

==Use of raw HTML==

Variable names and many symbols look very different with raw HTML and the other display methods. This may be confusing in the common case where several methods are used in the same article. Moreover, mathematicians who are used to reading and writing texts written with [[LaTeX]] often find the raw HTML rendering awful. 

So, raw HTML should normally not be used for new content. However, raw HTML is still present in many mathematical articles. It is generally a good practice to convert it to {{tl|math}} format, but coherency must be respected; that is, such a conversion must be done in a whole article, or at least in a whole section. Moreover, such a conversion must be identified as such in the edit summary, and making other changes in the same edit should be avoided. This is for helping other users to identify changes that are possibly controversial (the "diff" of a conversion may be very large, and may hide other changes).

Converting raw HTML to {{tl|math}} is rather simple: when the formula is enclosed with {{tl|nowrap}}, it suffices to change "nowrap" into "math". However, if the formula contains an equal sign, one has to add <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>1=</syntaxhighlight> just before the formula for avoiding confusion with the template syntax; for example, <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|1=''E'' = ''mc''{{sup|2}}}}</syntaxhighlight>. Also, vertical bars, if any, must either be replaced with {{tlx|!}} or avoided by using {{tlx|abs}}.

==LaTeX vs. <nowiki>{{math}}</nowiki>==
{{anchor|LaTeX vs. math template}}

These two ways of writing mathematical formulas each have their advantages and disadvantages. They are both accepted by the manual of style [[MOS:MATH]]. The rendering of variable names is very similar. So having a variable name displayed in the same paragraph with {{tlx|math}} and <syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline><math></syntaxhighlight> is generally not a problem.

The disadvantages of LaTeX are the following:
On some browser configurations, LaTeX inline formulas appear with a slight vertical misalignment, or with a font size that is slightly different from that of the surrounding text. This is not a problem with a block displayed formula. This is generally also not a real problem with inline formulas that exceed the normal line height (for example formulas with subscripts and superscripts). 
Also, the use of LaTeX in a [[WP:piped link|piped link]] or in a section heading should appear in blue in the linked text or the table of content, but they do not. Moreover, links to section headings containing LaTeX formulas do not work always as expected.
Finally, too many LaTeX formulas may significantly increase the processing time of a page. LaTeX formulas should be avoided in image captions, because when the image is clicked for a larger display, LaTeX in the caption will not render.

The disadvantages of {{tl|math}} are the following:
not all formulas can be displayed. While it is possible to render a complicated formula with {{tl|math}}, it is often poorly rendered. Except for the most common ones, the rendering of non-alphanumeric [[Unicode]] symbols is often very poor and may depend on the browser configuration (misalignment, wrong size, ...). The spaces inside formulas are not managed automatically, and thus need some expertise for being rendered correctly. Except for short formulas, many more characters have to be typed for entering a formula, and the source is more difficult to read.

Therefore, the common practice of most members of [[WP:WPM|WikiProject mathematics]] is the following:
* Use of {{tl|mvar}} and {{tl|math}} for isolated variables and very simple inline formulas
* Use of {{tl|mvar}} and {{tl|math}} for formulas in image captions, even if the rendering is mediocre
* Use of LaTeX for displayed formulas and more complicated inline formulas
* Use of LaTeX for formulas involving symbols that are not regularly rendered in Unicode (see [[MOS:BBB]])
* Avoid formulas in section headings, and when this is a problem, use raw HTML (see [[Finite field]] for an example)

The choice between {{tl|math}} and LaTeX depends on the editor. So converting from a format to another one must be done with stronger reasons than editor preference.

=== Display format of LaTeX ===
{{see also|mw:Extension:Math}}
By default SVG images with non-visible [[MathML]] are generated. The text-only form of the LaTeX can be set via [[Help:Preferences|user preferences]] at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|My Preferences – Appearance – Math]].

The hidden MathML can be used by screen readers and other assistive technology. To display the MathML in Firefox:

* Install the [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/native-mathml/ Native MathML] extension
* Or copy [https://github.com/fred-wang/webextension-native-mathml/blob/master/content-scripts/mediawiki.css its CSS rules] to your Wikipedia [[Help:User style|user stylesheet]].

In either case, you must have fonts that support MathML ([https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/MathML_Project/Fonts see developer.mozilla.org]) installed on your system. For copy-paste support in Firefox, you can also install [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/mathml-copy/ MathML Copy].

==Use of HTML templates==
{{Shortcut|WP:MATHSYMBOL}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Rendering math}}
TeX markup is not the only way to render mathematical formulas. For simple inline formulas, the template {{tl|math}} and its associated templates are often preferred. The following comparison table shows that similar results can be achieved with the two methods. See also [[Help:Special characters]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TeX syntax
! TeX rendering
|rowspan=7|&nbsp;
! HTML syntax
! HTML rendering
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\alpha</math></syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\alpha</math> 
| <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|''&alpha;''}}</syntaxhighlight> &emsp; or &emsp; <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{mvar|&alpha;}}</syntaxhighlight>
| {{math|''&alpha;''}} &emsp; or &emsp; {{mvar|&alpha;}}
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline> <math>f(x) = x^2</math></syntaxhighlight>
| <math> f(x) = x^2</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>2</sup>}}</syntaxhighlight>
| {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>2</sup>}}
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline> <math>\{1,e,\pi\}</math></syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\{1,e,\pi\}</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|{{mset|1, ''e'', ''&pi;''}}}}</syntaxhighlight>
| {{math|{{mset|1, ''e'', ''&pi;''}}}}
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline> <math>|z + 1| \leq 2</math></syntaxhighlight>
| <math>|z + 1| \leq 2</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{math|{{abs|''z'' + 1}} &le; 2}}</syntaxhighlight>
| {{math|{{abs|''z'' + 1}} &le; 2}}
|}

Here is a summary of the mathematical templates:
{{math templates|notation}}

Care should be taken when writing sets within {{tl|math}}, as braces, equal signs, and vertical bars can conflict with template syntax.  The {{tl|mset}} template is available for braces, as shown in the example above. Likewise, {{tl|abs}} encloses its parameter inside vertical bars to help with the pipe character conflicting with template syntax. For a single vertical bar, use {{tlx|!}}, and for an equal sign, use {{tlx|{{=}}}}.

===HTML entities===

Though [[Unicode]] characters are generally preferred, sometimes [[HTML entities]] are needed to avoid problems with wiki syntax or confusion with other characters:

{{aligned table|cols=10|style=text-align:center;|row1class=unicode|row2class=mw-code
| &lt; | &gt; | &minus; | &bull; |&prime; | &Prime; | &sdot; | &middot;| &ndash; | &mdash;
| &amp;lt; | &amp;gt; | &amp;minus; | &amp;bull; | &amp;prime; | &amp;Prime; | &amp;sdot; | &amp;middot; | &amp;ndash; | &amp;mdash; }}

In the table below, the codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but these symbols can also be entered directly in the wikitext either by typing them if they are available on the keyboard, by copy-pasting them, or by using menus below the edit windows. (When editing any Wikipedia page in a desktop web browser, use the "Insert" pulldown menu immediately below the article text, or the "Special characters" menu immediately above the article text.) Normally, lowercase Greek letters should be entered in italics, that is, enclosed between two single quotes (<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>''</syntaxhighlight>).

{| class="wikitable" border=1 <!--set border for MSIE browsers-->
|-
! HTML syntax
! Rendering
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
|
<pre>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;</pre>
|
α β γ δ ε ζ<br>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br>
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
|
<pre>&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;</pre>
|
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br>Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| <pre>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; = &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;sdot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;empty;</pre>
|
∫ ∑ ∏ − ± ∞<br/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br/>× · ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br/>∇ ‰ ° ∴ ∅
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| <pre>&amp;isin; &amp;notin; &amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall;
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr; &amp;darr;
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;</pre>
|
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br>¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ↓<br/>ℵ - – —
|}

===Superscripts and subscripts===
{{aligned table|cols=3|style=text-align:center;|row1class=unicode|row2class=mw-code|x<sup>2</sup> | x<sub>3</sub> | x{{su|p=2|b=1}} |<nowiki>x<sup>2</sup></nowiki>|<nowiki>x<sub>3</sub></nowiki>|<nowiki>x{{su|p=2|b=1}}</nowiki>}}

===Spacing===
To avoid line-wrapping in the middle of a formula, use {{tl|math}}. If necessary, a non-breaking space (&nbsp;) can be inserted with "&amp;nbsp;".

Typically [[whitespace character|whitespace]] should be a regular space ( ) or none at all. In rare circumstances, such as where one character overlaps another due to one being in italics, a thin space can be added with {{tl|thin space}}.

===More===

For more on Wikipedia howtos and math style guidelines:
* [[MOS:FRAC]] for how to input fractions in various circumstances
* [[MOS:RADICAL]] for how to square and other roots in various circumstances
* Per [[MOS:ELLIPSIS]], "..." (three ASCII periods) is used instead of "…" (single character)
* {{section link|Arrow (symbol)|Arrows in Unicode}}
* [[Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)]] 

For more on special characters:
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/charindex.html Unicode character name index] can be used to find the Unicode number of a character.
* [http://www.w3.org W3C] list of MathML characters indexed by [http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/bycodes.html code] or [http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/byalpha.html name]
* [[List of XML and HTML character entity references]] - includes all named entities
* [[Glossary of mathematical symbols]]

==LaTeX basics==

Math markup goes inside <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math>...</math></syntaxhighlight>. Chemistry markup goes inside <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math chem>...</math></syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><chem>...</chem></syntaxhighlight>. All these tags use TeX.

The TeX code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. However, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. See {{tim|Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX}} for more information.

The now deprecated tag <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code> was considered too ambiguous, and it has been replaced by <syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline><chem></syntaxhighlight>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Consider a longer, less ambiguous name for <ce> |date=December 18, 2016 |author=Ed Sanders |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153606 |accessdate=April 24, 2017}}</ref> 

===LaTeX commands===

LaTeX commands are case-sensitive, and take one of the following two formats:

*They start with a backslash <code>\</code> and then have a name consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a space, a number or any other "non-letter" character.
*They consist of a backslash <code>\</code> and exactly one non-letter.

Some commands need an [[argument]], which has to be given between curly braces <code>{}</code> after the command name. Some commands support optional [[parameter]]s, which are added after the command name in square brackets <code>[]</code>. The general syntax is:

 \commandname[option1,option2,...]{argument1}{argument2}...

===Special characters===

The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts. If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not render, but rather do things you did not intend.

 # $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

These characters can be entered by prefixing the escape character backslash <code>\</code> or using special sequences:

 \# \$ \% ^\wedge \& \_ \{ \} \sim \backslash

yielding:
{{block indent|1=
<math> \# \$ \% ^\wedge \& \_ \{ \} \sim \backslash</math>
}}

The backslash character <code>\</code> can ''not'' be entered by adding another backslash in front of it (<code>\\</code>); this sequence is used for line breaking. For introducing a backslash in math mode, you can use <code>\backslash</code> instead which gives <math>\backslash</math>.

The command <code>\tilde</code> produces a tilde which is placed over the next letter. For example, <code>\tilde{a}</code> gives <math>\tilde{a}</math>. To produce just a tilde character ~, use <code>\tilde{}</code> which gives <math>\tilde{}</math>, placing a ~ over an empty box. Alternatively <code>\sim</code> produces <math>\sim</math>, a large centred ~ which may be more appropriate in some situations.

The command <code>\hat</code> produces a hat over the next character, for example <code>\hat{o}</code> produces <math>\hat{o}</math>. For a stretchable version use <code>\widehat{abc}</code> giving <math>\widehat{abc}</math>. The wedge <code>\wedge</code> is normally used as a mathematical operator <math>\wedge</math>. The sequence <code>^\wedge</code> produces <math>^\wedge</math> the best equivalent to the ASCII caret ^ character.

===Spaces===

"Whitespace" characters, such as blank or tab, are treated uniformly as "space" by LaTeX. Several consecutive [[whitespace character]]s are treated as one "space". See [[#Spacing|below]] for commands that produces spaces of different size.

===LaTeX environments===

''Environments'' in LaTeX have a role that is quite similar to commands, but they usually have effect on a wider part of formula. Their syntax is:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
 \begin{environmentname}
   text to be influenced
 \end{environmentname}
</syntaxhighlight>
Environments supported by Wikipedia include ''matrix'', ''align'', etc. See [[#Fractions, matrices, multilines|below]].

===Rendering===
The font sizes and types are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem; a work-around is described in the [[Help:Displaying_a_formula#Alignment with normal text flow|"Alignment with normal text flow"]] section below. The [[Help:User style#CSS selectors|CSS selector]] of the images is <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>img.tex</syntaxhighlight>.

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics, variables and letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm</syntaxhighlight> (formerly <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\rm</syntaxhighlight>). You can also define new function names using <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\operatorname{...}</syntaxhighlight>. For example, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{abc}</syntaxhighlight> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\operatorname{...}</syntaxhighlight> provides spacing before and after the operator name when appropriate, as when <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\operatorname{sn}b</syntaxhighlight> is rendered as <math>a\operatorname{sn}b</math> (with space to the left and right of "sn") and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\operatorname{sn}(b+c)</syntaxhighlight> as <math>a\operatorname{sn}(b+c)</math> (with space to the left and not to the right). LaTeX's starred version, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\operatorname*</syntaxhighlight> is not supported, but a workaround is to add <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\limits</syntaxhighlight> instead. For example, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\operatorname{sn}_{b>c}(b+c) \qquad \operatorname{sn}\limits_{b>c}(b+c)</syntaxhighlight> renders as
:<math>\operatorname{sn}_{b>c}(b+c) \qquad \operatorname{sn}\limits_{b>c}(b+c)</math>.

LaTeX does not have full support for Unicode characters, and not all characters render. Most Latin characters with accents render correctly. However some do not, in particular those that include multiple diacritics (e.g. with Latin letters used in Vietnamese) or that cannot be precomposed into a single character (such as the uppercase Latin letter W with ring), or that use other diacritics (like the ogonek or the double grave accent, used in Central European languages like Polish, or the horn attached above some vowels in Vietnamese), or other modified letter forms (used in IPA notations, or African languages, or in medieval texts), some digram ligatures (like Ĳ in Dutch), or Latin letters borrowed from Greek, or small capitals, as well as superscripts and subscript letters. For example, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{ð}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{þ}</syntaxhighlight> (used in Icelandic) will give errors.

The normal way of entering quotation marks in text mode (two back ticks for the left and two apostrophes for the right), such as <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{a ``quoted'' word}</syntaxhighlight> will not work correctly. As a workaround, you can use the Unicode left and right quotation mark characters, which are available from the "Symbols" dropdown panel beneath the editor: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{a “quoted” word}</syntaxhighlight>.

====Force-rerendering of formulas====
MediaWiki stores rendered formulas in a [[web cache|cache]] so that the images of those formulas do not need to be created each time the page is opened by a user. To force the rerendering of all formulas of a page, you must open it with the getter variables <code>action=purge&mathpurge=true</code>. Imagine for example there is a wrong rendered formula in the article [[Integral]]. To force the re-rendering of this formula you need to open the URL 
<code>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integral&action=purge&mathpurge=true</code>

Afterwards you need to [[WP:Bypass your cache|bypass your browser cache]] so that the new created images of the formulas are actually downloaded.

==Formatting using TeX==
===Functions, symbols, special characters===
<!-- Eight symbols per line seem to be optimal -->

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Accents and diacritics====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Standard numerical functions====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\ln c = \log c, \lg d = \log_{10} d</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\ln c = \log c, \lg d = \log_{10} d</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec f, \csc g</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec f, \csc g</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\min(x,y), \max(x,y)</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\min(x,y), \max(x,y)</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Bounds====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Projections====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Differentials and derivatives====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}</syntaxhighlight> 
| <math>dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}</math> 
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y, \left.\frac{\partial^3 f}{\partial^2 x \partial y}\right\vert_{p_0}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y, \left.\frac{\partial^3 f}{\partial^2 x \partial y}\right\vert_{p_0}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)} \!, \dot y, \ddot y</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Letter-like symbols or constants====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar, \N, \R, \Z, \C, \Q</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar, \N, \R, \Z, \C, \Q</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS, \S, \P, \AA</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS, \S, \P, \AA</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Modular arithmetic====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>a \bmod b</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>a \bmod b</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Radicals====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{2}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{2}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Operators====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Sets====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Relations====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\doteq, \doteqdot,</syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=},</syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>:=</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot</syntaxhighlight>
| <math><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Geometric====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Box, \square, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond, \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Box, \square, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond, \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\vartriangle, \triangledown</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\vartriangle, \triangledown</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Logic====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\forall, \exists, \nexists</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\forall, \exists, \nexists</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\therefore, \because, \And</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\therefore, \because, \And</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee</syntaxhighlight> 
don't use <code>\or</code> which is now deprecated
| <math>\lor, \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge</syntaxhighlight>
don't use <code>\and</code> which is now deprecated
| <math>\land, \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc}, </syntaxhighlight><br/>
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc},</math><br/>
<math>\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\vdash, \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Vvdash, \nvdash, \nVdash, \nvDash, \nVDash</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Arrows====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow, \implies</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow, \implies</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow, \iff</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow, \iff</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\rightarrow, \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\rightarrow, \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\leftarrow, \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\leftarrow, \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\mapsto, \longmapsto</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mapsto, \longmapsto</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\rightharpoonup, \rightharpoondown, \leftharpoonup, \leftharpoondown, \upharpoonleft, \upharpoonright, \downharpoonleft, \downharpoonright, \rightleftharpoons, \leftrightharpoons</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\curvearrowleft, \circlearrowleft, \Lsh, \upuparrows, \rightrightarrows, \rightleftarrows, \rightarrowtail, \looparrowright</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\curvearrowright, \circlearrowright, \Rsh, \downdownarrows, \leftleftarrows, \leftrightarrows, \leftarrowtail, \looparrowleft</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\hookrightarrow, \hookleftarrow, \multimap, \leftrightsquigarrow, \rightsquigarrow, \twoheadrightarrow, \twoheadleftarrow</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Special====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \vdots \ddots </syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \vdots \ddots</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

====Unsorted (new stuff)====
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\diagup, \diagdown, \centerdot, \ltimes, \rtimes, \leftthreetimes, \rightthreetimes</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\eqcirc, \circeq, \triangleq, \bumpeq, \Bumpeq, \doteqdot, \risingdotseq, \fallingdotseq</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\intercal, \barwedge, \veebar, \doublebarwedge, \between, \pitchfork</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\vartriangleleft, \ntriangleleft, \vartriangleright, \ntriangleright</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\trianglelefteq, \ntrianglelefteq, \trianglerighteq, \ntrianglerighteq</math>
|}

For a little more semantics on these symbols, see this brief [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074303/https://www.math.upenn.edu/tex-stuff/cookbook.pdf TeX Cookbook].

===Larger expressions===

====Subscripts, superscripts, integrals====

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|-
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| Superscript
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>a^2, a^{x+3}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a^2, a^{x+3}</math>
|-
| Subscript
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>a_2</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a_2</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Grouping
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>10^{30} a^{2+2}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>10^{30} a^{2+2}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>a_{i,j} b_{f'}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a_{i,j} b_{f'}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>x_2^3</syntaxhighlight> || <math>x_2^3</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>{x_2}^3</syntaxhighlight> || <math>{x_2}^3</math>
|-
| Super super
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>10^{10^{8}}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>10^{10^{8}}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Preceding and/or additional sub & super
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</syntaxhighlight> || <math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|-
| rowspan="4"| Stacking
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Derivatives
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>x', y'', f', f''</syntaxhighlight> || <math>x', y'', f', f''</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>
|-
| Derivative dots
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
| rowspan="3"| Underlines, overlines, vectors
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</syntaxhighlight> || <math> \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</syntaxhighlight> || <math> \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</syntaxhighlight> || <math> \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|-
| Arc (workaround)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overset{\frown} {AB}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\overset{\frown} {AB}</math>
|-
| Arrows
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</syntaxhighlight> || <math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|-
| Overbraces
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|-
| Underbraces
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
|-
| Sum
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
| Sum (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (default <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (force <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\displaystyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (alternative limits style)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\frac{\sum\limits^{^N}_{k=1} k^2}{a}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\frac{\sum\limits^{^N}_{k=1} k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Product
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Product (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Coproduct
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Coproduct (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Limit
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
| Limit (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
| Integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
| Integral (alternative limits style)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x dx</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x dx</math>
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>, alternative limits style)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x dx</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x dx</math>
|-
| Double integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\iint\limits_D dx\,dy</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\iint\limits_D dx\,dy</math>
|-
| Triple integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\iiint\limits_E dx\,dy\,dz</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\iiint\limits_E dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|-
| Quadruple integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\iiiint\limits_F dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\iiiint\limits_F dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|-
| Line or path integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
| Closed line or path integral
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
| Intersections
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\bigcap_{i=1}^n E_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\bigcap_{i=1}^n E_i</math>
|-
| [[Union (set theory)|Unions]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>\bigcup_{i=1}^n E_i</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\bigcup_{i=1}^n E_i</math>
|}

=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Fractions
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>{2 \over 4}=0.5</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</math>
|-
| Small fractions (force <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</math>
|-
| Large (normal) fractions (force <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\displaystyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math>
|-
| Large (nested) fractions
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math>
|-
| Cancellations in fractions
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\cfrac{x}{1 + \cfrac{\cancel{y}}{\cancel{y}}} = \cfrac{x}{2}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\cfrac{x}{1 + \cfrac{\cancel{y}}{\cancel{y}}} = \cfrac{x}{2}</math>
|-
| Binomial coefficients
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\binom{n}{k}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Small binomial coefficients (force <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\textstyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\tbinom{n}{k}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Large (normal) binomial coefficients (force <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\displaystyle</syntaxhighlight>)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\dbinom{n}{k}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Matrices
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix} </math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math>
|-
| Case distinctions
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases}</math>
|-
| Simultaneous equations
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Multiline equations with multiple alignments per row
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{align}
f(a,b) & = (a+b)^2 && = (a+b)(a+b) \\
& = a^2+ab+ba+b^2  && = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(a,b) & = (a+b)^2 && = (a+b)(a+b) \\
& = a^2+ab+ba+b^2  && = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{alignat}{3}
f(a,b) & = (a+b)^2 && = (a+b)(a+b) \\
& = a^2+ab+ba+b^2  && = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{3}
f(a,b) & = (a+b)^2 && = (a+b)(a+b) \\
& = a^2+ab+ba+b^2  && = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|-
| Multiline equations <small>(must define number of columns used ({lcl})) (should not be used unless needed)</small>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Multiline equations (more)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Multiline alignment using <code>&amp;</code> to left align (top example) versus <code>&amp;&amp;</code> to right align (bottom example) the last column
|<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{alignat}{4}
F:\; && C(X) && \;\to\;     & C(X) \\
     && g    && \;\mapsto\; & g^2
\end{alignat}</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\begin{alignat}{4}
F:\; && C(X) && \;\to\;     && C(X) \\
     && g    && \;\mapsto\; && g^2
\end{alignat}</syntaxhighlight>
|<math>\begin{alignat}{4}
F:\; && C(X) && \;\to\;     & C(X) \\
     && g    && \;\mapsto\; & g^2
\end{alignat}</math><br/><br/>
<math>\begin{alignat}{4}
F:\; && C(X) && \;\to\;     && C(X) \\
     && g    && \;\mapsto\; && g^2
\end{alignat}</math>
|-
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary, at the expense of destroying correct spacing
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
<math>f(x) \,\!</math>
<math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>f(x) \,\!</math><math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
|-
| Arrays
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 0 \\
\end{array}
</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 0 \\
\end{array}
</math>
|}

=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| {{cross}}Bad
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>( \frac{1}{2} )^n</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>( \frac{1}{2} )^n</math>
|-
| Good{{tick}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^n</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^n</math>
|}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Parentheses
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
|-
| Brackets
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
|-
| Braces
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
|-
| Angle brackets
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
|-
| Bars and double bars
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \quad \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
|-
| Floor and ceiling functions:
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \quad \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
|-
| Slashes and backslashes
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
|-
| Up, down, and up-down arrows
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br>as long as \left and \right match
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left [ 0,1 \right )</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left \langle \psi \right |</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math><br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
| Use \left. and \right. if you<br/> do not want a delimiter to appear
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Size of the delimiters (add "l" or "r" to indicate the side for proper spacing)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>( \bigl( \Bigl( \biggl( \Biggl( \dots \Biggr] \biggr] \Bigr] \bigr] ]</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>( \bigl( \Bigl( \biggl( \Biggl( \dots \Biggr] \biggr] \Bigr] \bigr] ]</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\{ \bigl\{ \Bigl\{ \biggl\{ \Biggl\{ \dots</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Biggr\rangle \biggr\rangle \Bigr\rangle \bigr\rangle \rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\{ \bigl\{ \Bigl\{ \biggl\{ \Biggl\{ \dots \Biggr\rangle \biggr\rangle \Bigr\rangle \bigr\rangle \rangle</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\| \big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| |</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\| \big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| |</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\lfloor \bigl\lfloor \Bigl\lfloor \biggl\lfloor \Biggl\lfloor \dots</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Biggr\rceil \biggr\rceil \Bigr\rceil \bigr\rceil \ceil</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\lfloor \bigl\lfloor \Bigl\lfloor \biggl\lfloor \Biggl\lfloor \dots \Biggr\rceil \biggr\rceil \Bigr\rceil \bigr\rceil \rceil</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\uparrow \big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow \Downarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\uparrow \big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow \Downarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\updownarrow \big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow \Updownarrow</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\updownarrow \big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>/ \big/ \Big/ \bigg/ \Bigg/ \dots</syntaxhighlight><br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash \backslash</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>/ \big/ \Big/ \bigg/ \Bigg/ \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash \backslash</math>
|}

===Display attribute===
The {{tag|math|o}} tag can take a <code>display</code> attribute with possible values of <code>inline</code> and <code>block</code>.

====Inline====

If the value of the display attribute is inline, the contents will be rendered in inline mode: there will be no new paragraph for the equation and the operators will be rendered to consume only a small amount of vertical space.

The sum <math display="inline">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math> converges to 2.

The next line-width is not disturbed by large operators.

The code for the math example reads:
:<syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math display="inline">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math></syntaxhighlight>

The quotation marks around <code>inline</code> are optional and <code><nowiki>display=inline</nowiki></code> is also valid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attributes-2|title=HTML Living Standard|website=Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)}}</ref>

=====Technical implementation=====
Technically the command ''\textstyle'' will be added to the user input before the TeX command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed without further formatting by outputting the image or MathMLelement to the page.

====Block====
In block-style the equation is rendered in its own paragraph and the operators are rendered consuming less horizontal space. The equation is indented.

The sum <math display="block">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math> converges to 2.

It was entered as
:<syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math display="block">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math></syntaxhighlight>

=====Technical implementation=====
Technically the command ''\displaystyle'' will be added to the user input (if the user input does not already contain the string ''\displaystyle'' or ''\align'') before the TeX command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed in a new paragraph.
Therefore, the style of the MathImage is altered i.e. the style attribute "display:block;margin:auto" is added.
For MathML it is ensured that display=inline is replaced by display block which produces a new paragraph

====Not specified====

If nothing is specified the equation is rendered in the same display style as "block", but without using a new paragraph. If the equation does appear on a line by itself, it is not automatically indented.

The sum <math>\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math> converges to 2.

The next line-width is disturbed by large operators.

Or:

The sum

<math>\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math>

converges to 2.

In both cases, the math is coded as:
:<syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math>\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math></syntaxhighlight>



=== Equation numbering ===
{{Shortcut|WP:DISPLAYTAG}}

The templates {{tl|NumBlk}} and {{tl|EquationRef}} can be used to number equations. The template {{tl|EquationNote}} can be used to refer to a numbered equation from surrounding text. For example, the following syntax:

: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}</syntaxhighlight>

produces the following result (note the equation number in the right margin):

{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}

Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this:

: <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), example text...</syntaxhighlight>

The result looks like this:

: As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), example text...

The equation number produced by {{tl|EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.

===Alphabets and typefaces===
{{See also|Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols#Fonts}}
[[Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as [[Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek alphabet
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \omicron \pi</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \omicron \pi</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>
\varGamma \varDelta \varTheta \varLambda \varXi \varPi \varSigma \varPhi \varUpsilon \varOmega </syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\varGamma \varDelta \varTheta \varLambda \varXi \varPi \varSigma \varPhi \varUpsilon \varOmega </math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>
\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi \varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>
\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi \varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Hebrew symbols
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Blackboard bold/scripts
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbb{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbb{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbb{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbb{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbb{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbb{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{abcdefghijklm}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{abcdefghijklm}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{nopqrstuvwxyz}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{nopqrstuvwxyz}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathbf{0123456789}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathbf{0123456789}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface (Greek)
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \omicron \pi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \omicron \pi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon\digamma\varkappa\varpi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon\digamma\varkappa\varpi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\varrho\varsigma\vartheta\varphi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varrho\varsigma\vartheta\varphi}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Italics (default for Latin alphabet)
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathit{0123456789}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathit{0123456789}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek italics (default for lowercase Greek)
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathit{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathit{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathit{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathit{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathit{\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathit{\Sigma\Tau\Upsilon\Phi\Chi\Psi\Omega}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek uppercase boldface italics
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\varGamma \varDelta \varTheta \varLambda}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varGamma \varDelta \varTheta \varLambda}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\boldsymbol{\varXi \varPi \varSigma \varUpsilon \varOmega}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varXi \varPi \varSigma \varUpsilon \varOmega}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Roman typeface
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{abcdefghijklm}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{abcdefghijklm}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{nopqrstuvwxyz}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{nopqrstuvwxyz}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathrm{0123456789}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathrm{0123456789}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Sans serif
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{abcdefghijklm}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{abcdefghijklm}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{nopqrstuvwxyz}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{nopqrstuvwxyz}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{0123456789}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{0123456789}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Sans serif Greek (capital only)
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathsf{\Rho \Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathsf{\Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Calligraphy/script
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{abcdefghi}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{abcdefghi}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{jklmnopqr}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{jklmnopqr}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathcal{stuvwxyz}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathcal{stuvwxyz}</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Fraktur typeface
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHI}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHI}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{JKLMNOPQR}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{JKLMNOPQR}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{STUVWXYZ}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{STUVWXYZ}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{abcdefghijklm}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{abcdefghijklm}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{nopqrstuvwxyz}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{nopqrstuvwxyz}</math>
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathfrak{0123456789}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\mathfrak{0123456789}</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Small scriptstyle text
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>{\scriptstyle\text{abcdefghijklm}}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>{\scriptstyle\text{abcdefghijklm}}</math>
|}

====Mixed text faces====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Italicised characters (spaces are ignored)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>x y z</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>x y z</math>
|-
| Non-italicised characters
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{x y z}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\text{x y z}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (bad)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{if} n \text{is even}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\text{if} n \text{is even}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (good)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{if }n\text{ is even}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\text{if }n\text{ is even}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (alternative: ~ or "\ " forces a space)
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even}</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even}</math>
|}

===Color===
Equations can use color with the <code>\color</code> command. For example,

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! How it looks rendered
! Syntax
! Feature
|-
| <math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Orange}2x}-{\color{LimeGreen}1}</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Orange}2x}-{\color{LimeGreen}1}</syntaxhighlight>
| 
|-
| <math>x=\frac{{\color{Blue}-b}\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{\color{Green}2a}</math>
| {{nowrap|1=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>x=\frac{{\color{Blue}-b}\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{\color{Green}2a}</syntaxhighlight>}}
| 
|}

The <code>\color</code> command colors all symbols to its right. 
However, if the <code>\color</code> command is enclosed in a pair of braces (e.g. <code>{\color{Red}...}</code>) then no symbols outside of those braces are affected.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! How it looks rendered
! Syntax
! Feature
|-
| <math>x\color{red}\neq y=z</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>x\color{red}\neq y=z</syntaxhighlight>
| 
Colors <span style="color:red;">red</span> everything to the right of <code><nowiki>\color{red}</nowiki></code>. To only color the <math>\neq</math> symbol red, place braces around <code><nowiki>\color{red}\neq</nowiki></code> or insert <code><nowiki>\color{black}</nowiki></code> to the right of <code><nowiki>\neq</nowiki></code>.
|-
| <math>x{\color{red}\neq} y=z</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>x{\color{red}\neq} y=z</syntaxhighlight>
| 
|-
| <math>x\color{red}\neq\color{black} y=z</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>x\color{red}\neq\color{black} y=z</syntaxhighlight>
| 
|-
| <math>\frac{-b\color{Green}\pm\sqrt{b^2\color{Blue}-4{\color{Red}a}c}}{2a}=x</math>
| {{nowrap|1=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\frac{-b\color{Green}\pm\sqrt{b^2\color{Blue}-4{\color{Red}a}c}}{2a}=x</syntaxhighlight>}}
| The outermost braces in <code>{\color{Red}a}c</code> limit the effect of <code>\color{Red}</code> to the symbol <code>a</code>. Similarly, <code>\color{Blue}</code> does not affect any symbols outside of the <code>\sqrt{}</code> that encloses it, and <code>\color{Green}</code> does not affect any symbols outside of the numerator.
|}

There are several alternate notations styles

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! How it looks rendered
! Syntax
! Feature
|-
| <math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Orange}2x}-{\color{LimeGreen}1}</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Orange}2x}-{\color{LimeGreen}1}</syntaxhighlight>
| works with both texvc and MathJax
|-
| <math>\color{Blue}x^2\color{Black}+\color{Orange}2x\color{Black}-\color{LimeGreen}1</math>
| {{nowrap|1=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\color{Blue}x^2\color{Black}+\color{Orange}2x\color{Black}-\color{LimeGreen}1</syntaxhighlight>}}
| works with both texvc and MathJax
|-
| <math>\color{Blue}{x^2}+\color{Orange}{2x}-\color{LimeGreen}{1}</math>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\color{Blue}{x^2}+\color{Orange}{2x}-\color{LimeGreen}{1}</syntaxhighlight>
| only works with MathJax
|}

Some color names are predeclared according to the following table, you can use them directly for the rendering of formulas (or for declaring the intended color of the page background).

{{Formula Supported Named Colors}}

Color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See [[WP:Manual of Style (accessibility)#Color]].

Latex does not have a command for setting the background color. The most effective way of setting a background color is by setting a CSS styling rule for a table cell:
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="display: inline-block;">
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
| style="background-color: gray;"      | <math>x^2</math>
| style="background-color: Goldenrod;" | <math>y^3</math>
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

Rendered as:
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
| style="background-color: gray;"      | <math>x^2</math>
| style="background-color: Goldenrod;" | <math>y^3</math>
|}

Custom colors can be defined using:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\definecolor{myorange}{rgb}{1,0.65,0.4}\color{myorange}e^{i \pi}\color{Black} + 1 = 0</syntaxhighlight>

:<math>\definecolor{myorange}{rgb}{1,0.65,0.4}\color{myorange}e^{i \pi}\color{Black} + 1 = 0</math>

===Formatting issues===

====Spacing====
{{See also|Quad (typography)}}

TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| double quad space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a \qquad b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a \qquad b</math>
|-
| quad space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a \quad b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a \quad b</math>
|-
| text space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\ b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a\ b</math>
|-
| text space in text mode || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a \text{ } b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a \text{ } b</math>
|-
| large space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\;b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a\;b</math>
|-
| medium space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\<b</syntaxhighlight> || {{n/a|Not supported}}
|-
| small space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\,b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a\,b</math>
|-
| tiny space (use for multiplication of factors) || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>ab</syntaxhighlight> || <math>ab</math>
|-
| tiny space (syntax space ignored) || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a b</math>
|-
| no space (use for multi-letter variables) || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\mathit{ab}</syntaxhighlight> || <math>\mathit{ab}</math>
|-
| small negative space || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\!b</syntaxhighlight> || <math>a\!b</math>
|-
| [[zero-width space]] || <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>a\hspace{0pt}b</syntaxhighlight> || {{n/a|Not supported}}
|}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</syntaxhighlight>
: <math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</syntaxhighlight>
: <math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

When relational symbols such as <math>\uparrow</math> are employed as ordinary symbols, for example in [[bra–ket notation]], additional spacing may have to be avoided:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| without special formatting
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>| \uparrow \rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>| \uparrow \rangle</math>
|-
| explicit opening and closing delimiter
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\left| \uparrow \right\rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>\left| \uparrow \right\rangle</math>
|-
| with additional braces
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>| {\uparrow} \rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>| {\uparrow} \rangle</math>
|-
| arrow as ordinary symbol
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>| \mathord\uparrow \rangle</syntaxhighlight>
| <math>| \mathord\uparrow \rangle</math>
|}

===== Empty horizontal or vertical spacing =====
The <code>phantom</code> commands create empty horizontal and/or vertical space the same height and/or width of the argument.

{|  class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| Empty horizontal and vertical spacing
| <code><nowiki>\Gamma^{\phantom{i}j}_{i\phantom{j}k}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\Gamma^{\phantom{i}j}_{i\phantom{j}k}</math>
|- 
| Empty vertical spacing
| <code><nowiki>-e\sqrt{\vphantom{p'}p},\; -e'\sqrt{p'},\; \ldots</nowiki></code>
| <math>-e\sqrt{\vphantom{p'}p},\; -e'\sqrt{p'},\; \ldots</math>
|- 
| Empty horizontal spacing
| <code><nowiki>\int u^2\,du=\underline{\hphantom{(2/3)u^3+C}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\int u^2\,du=\underline{\hphantom{(2/3)u^3+C}}</math>
|}

====Alignment with normal text flow====

Because of the default CSS

<syntaxhighlight lang="CSS">img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</syntaxhighlight>

an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>vertical-align</syntaxhighlight> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

If you rely on this workaround, if and when the rendering on the server gets fixed in a future release, this extra manual offset will suddenly make every affected formula align ''incorrectly''. So use it sparingly, if at all.

===Unimplemented elements and workarounds===
The current Mathoid&ndash;MathJax backend has the following elements unimplemented (see also [https://docs.mathjax.org/en/v2.7-latest/tex.html?highlight=differences#differences MathJax's own description of differences]):

==== Special integral operators ====

The following integral operators that are not supported by the default font of MathJax 2.7 are available

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> \oiint, \oiiint, \ointctrclockwise, \varointclockwise, \intbar, \intBar</syntaxhighlight>

they have poor horizontal spacing, generate cropped SVG images unless used with other tall characters, and appear different from the usual integral symbol <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int</syntaxhighlight>:

<br>
:<math> \oiint, \oiiint, \ointctrclockwise, \varointclockwise, \intbar, \intBar,</math>

cf. [[phab:T348587]]. However, they render fine [[mw:Extension:Math#Viewing_math| when MathML is used]].

====<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight>====

Elements which are not yet implemented are <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight>, namely a two-fold integral <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iint</syntaxhighlight> {{nowrap|(<math>\iint</math>)}} with a circular curve through the centre of the two integrals, and similarly <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight>, a circular curve through three integrals. In contrast, <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oint</syntaxhighlight> {{nowrap|(<math>\oint</math>)}} exists for the single dimension (integration over a curved line within a plane or any space with higher dimension).

These elements appear in many contexts: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> denotes a [[surface integral]] over the closed 2d boundary of a 3d region (which occurs in much of 3d [[vector calculus]] and physical applications – like [[Maxwell's equations]]), likewise <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> denotes integration over the closed 3d boundary (surface volume) of a 4d region, and they would be strong candidates for the next TeX version. As such there are a lot of workarounds in the present version.

:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> using currently implemented symbols
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> looks like:

*<math>\iint\limits_{S}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\subset\!\supset \mathbf D \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iint</syntaxhighlight> along with <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\subset</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\supset</syntaxhighlight> (overdrawn after backspacing):
: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iint\limits_{S}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\subset\!\supset \mathbf D \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf A</syntaxhighlight>
*<math>\int\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int</syntaxhighlight> twice (with some backward [[kern (typography)|kerning]]) along with <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bigcirc</syntaxhighlight> (also overdrawn after backpacing) to produce a more consistent circle:
: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> (should also be preferably more tightly kerned) looks more or less like:

*<math>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\subset\!\supset \mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math> which uses three \int symbols (with more backward kerning) with \subset and \supset (overdrawn after backspacing):
: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\subset\!\supset \mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</syntaxhighlight>
*<math>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses three <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int</syntaxhighlight> symbols (with more backward kerning) along with <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\bigcirc</syntaxhighlight> (also overdrawn after backspacing):
: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</syntaxhighlight>
|}

However, since no standardisation exists as yet, any workaround like this (which uses many <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\!</syntaxhighlight> symbols for backspacing) should be avoided, if possible. See below for a possibility using PNG image enforcement.

Note that <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iint</syntaxhighlight> (the double integral) and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\iiint</syntaxhighlight> (the triple integral) are still not kerned as they should preferably be, and are currently rendered as if they were successive <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\int</syntaxhighlight> symbols; this is not a major problem for reading the formulas, even if the integral symbols before the last one do not have bounds, so it's best to avoid backspacing "hacks" as they may be inconsistent with a possible future better implementation of integrals symbols (with more precisely computed kerning positions).



=====<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> as PNG images=====

These symbols are available as PNG images which are also integrated into two templates, {{tl|oiint}} and {{tl|oiiint}}, which take care of the formatting around the symbols.

The templates have three parameters:

;preintegral: the text or formula immediately before the integral
;intsubscpt: the subscript below the integral
;integrand: the text or formula immediately after the integral

======Examples======

*[[Stokes' theorem]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline="">{{oiint | intsubscpt=<math>\scriptstyle S</math> | integrand=<math>( \nabla \times \mathbf{F} ) \cdot {\mathrm d}\mathbf{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \mathbf{F} \cdot {\mathrm d}\boldsymbol{\ell}</math>}}</syntaxhighlight>

: {{Oiint|intsubscpt=<math>\scriptstyle S</math>|integrand=<math>( \nabla \times \mathbf{F} ) \cdot {\mathrm d}\mathbf{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \mathbf{F} \cdot {\mathrm d}\boldsymbol{\ell}</math>}}

*[[Ampère's circuital law|Ampère's law]] + correction: <syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline>{{oiint

| preintegral=<math>\oint_C \mathbf{B} \cdot {\mathrm d} \boldsymbol{\ell} = \mu_0 </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand = <math>\left ( \mathbf{J} + \epsilon_0\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} \right ) \cdot {\mathrm d}\mathbf{S}</math>
}}</syntaxhighlight>

: {{oiint
| preintegral=<math>\oint_{\partial S} \mathbf{B} \cdot {\mathrm d} \boldsymbol{\ell} = \mu_0 </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand = <math>\left ( \mathbf{J} + \epsilon_0\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} \right ) \cdot {\mathrm d}\mathbf{S}</math>
}}

*Continuity of [[4-momentum]] flux (in [[general relativity]]):<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gravitation|author1=J. A. Wheeler |author2=C. Misner |author3=K. S. Thorne | year=1973|publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co|edition=2nd|isbn=0-7167-0344-0}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline=""> {{oiiint | preintegral=<math>\mathbf{P} = </math> | intsubscpt=<math>\scriptstyle \partial \Omega</math> | integrand=<math>\mathbf{T} \cdot {\mathrm d}^3\boldsymbol{\Sigma}</math>
<math>=0</math>}}</syntaxhighlight>
{{Oiiint|preintegral=<math>\mathbf{P} = </math>|intsubscpt=<math>\scriptstyle \partial \Omega</math>|integrand=<math>\mathbf{T} \cdot {\mathrm d}^3\boldsymbol{\Sigma}</math><br><math>=0</math>}}

=====Oriented <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> as PNG images=====

Some variants of <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiint</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\oiiint</syntaxhighlight> have arrows on them to indicate the sense of integration, such as a line integral around a closed curve in the clockwise sense, and higher dimensional analogues. These are not implemented in [[TeX]] on Wikipedia either, although the template {{tl|intorient}} is available - see link for details.

====Arc notation <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\overarc</syntaxhighlight>====

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\overarc</syntaxhighlight> is not yet implemented to display the arc notation. However, there exists a workaround: use <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\overset{\frown}{AB}</syntaxhighlight>, which gives

<math>\overset{\frown}{AB}</math>

For longer arcs, use {{tl|Overarc}}:

3.{{overarc|142857}}

====Triple dot <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\dddot</syntaxhighlight>====
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\dddot</syntaxhighlight> is not implemented. For a workaround use <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\overset{...}{x}</syntaxhighlight>, which gives

<math>\overset{...}{x}</math>.

====Starred operatorname <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\operatorname*</syntaxhighlight>====
The starred version of <code>\operatorname</code> is not currently supported. A workaround for
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\operatorname*{median}_{j\,\ne\,i} X_{i,j}</syntaxhighlight> 
is
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\operatorname{\underset{\mathit{j\,\ne\,i}}{median}} X_{i,j}</syntaxhighlight>

====Strikethrough====
Strikethrough like <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\sout</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\st</syntaxhighlight> is not implemented, nor is overlapping like <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\rlap</syntaxhighlight>.  This means struck characters like ƛ are difficult to type, except the hardcoded <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\hbar</syntaxhighlight>.  A workaround suffix for a normal strikethrough is <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>q \!\!\!\frac{}{\ }</syntaxhighlight>, and for elevated strikethrough is <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>\lambda \!\!\!^{{}^\underline{\ \ }}</syntaxhighlight>, which give

:<math>q\!\!\!\frac{}{\ }, \quad \lambda\!\!\!^{{}^\underline{\ \ }}</math>

====Formatting in \text ====
Formatting in {{code|\text}} is not supported. In other words, you can't use:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\text{\textsf{textual description of a variable}}</syntaxhighlight>

but have to use:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\mathsf{textual\ description\ of\ a\ variable}</syntaxhighlight>

More specifically, in Mathoid's MathJax, no processing is done to the contents of {{code|\text}} at all. The texvcjs component blocks the use of macros, but another way this behavior leaks through is in the processing of quotation marks, where the Unicode version must be used instead of {{code|`}}:

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">\text{`failed ``ascii'' quotes'},\ \text{‘okay “unicode” quotes’}</syntaxhighlight>
:<math>\text{`failed ``ascii'' quotes'},\ \text{‘okay “unicode” quotes’}</math>

It is currently impossible to get [[Quotation_mark#Typewriters_and_early_computers|straight (typewriter) quotes]] in MathJax.

====Automatic line-breaking====
The current image-based implementation precludes automatic line-breaking of inline formulae after binary operators and "=" as seen in TeX. The only workaround is to ''not'' write long formulae inline.

Readers wishing to enable automatic line-breaking can try to [[mw:Extension:Math/advancedSettings#CSS for the MathML with SVG fallback mode|have the browser render the MathML itself]] or to use an alternate in-browser renderer.

===Syntax to avoid===

====Unicode characters====
{{tracked|T50032}}
Non-ASCII Unicode characters like {{pi}} work in MathML and MathJax but not in texvc so should currently be avoided. In the long term it may become possible to use these characters.

Unicode is currently possible in <code>\text{}</code> due to Wikipedia's switch to Mathoid (server-side MathJax in SVG/PNG mode). However, Unicode text in math mode is still unavailable due to texvcjs considering it invalid. A formal feature request and discussion is required to fix this.

====Deprecated syntax====

The texvc processor accepted some non-standard syntax. These should be avoided as the MathJax based renderers do not support these syntax.

The following texvc commands are now deprecated and should be avoided. This is part of an effort to update the math engine 
see [[mw:Extension:Math/Roadmap]] for details. A bot [[User:Texvc2LaTeXBot]] will replace this syntax on the English Wikipedia.

{{aligned table|class=wikitable
|cols=3|row1header=y|col1style=font-family:monospace;|col2style=font-family:monospace;
| Current syntax
| Suggested replacement
| Comment
<!--tr-->
| $ | \$ | redefinition would involve changing the character code 
<!--tr-->
| % | \% | redefinition would involve changing the character code 
<!--tr-->
| \or | \lor | causes teubner to fail<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/418490 |title = Redefine \or form within a nested if statement? - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange}}</ref>
<!--tr-->
| \and | \land | causes normal align environment to fail 
<!--tr-->
| \pagecolor | remove | not needed and not working anymore, done manually
<!--tr-->
| \part | \partial | acceptable if the document doesn't use sectioning with {{code|\part}}. 
<!--tr-->
| \ang | \angle | this only conflicts with siunitx package. 
<!--tr-->
| \C | \Complex | conflicts with puenc.def e.g. from hyperref package 
<!--tr-->
| \H | \mathbb{H} | conflicts with text command <code>\H{0}</code> which is ő. 
<!--tr-->
| \bold | \mathbf | 
<!--tr-->
| \Bbb | \mathbb | 
}}

==Chemistry==
<!-- this is linked from [[Template:Xtag]] -->{{shortcut|WP:MATHCHEM}}
There are three ways to render chemical sum formulas as used in [[chemical equation]]s:
*{{xtag|chem|p}} ({{xtag|ce|p}} is a deprecated alias for it)
*{{xtag|math|p|params=chem}}
*{{tlx|chem}} and {{tlx|chem2}}

{{xtag|chem|p|content=X}} is short for <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math chem>\ce{X}</math></syntaxhighlight>
(where <code>X</code> is a chemical sum formula)

Technically, {{xtag|math|params=chem}} is a <code>math</code> tag with the extension <code>mhchem</code> enabled, according to the [http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/input/tex/extensions/mhchem.html MathJax documentation].

[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry]] advises avoiding the {{xtag|chem}} and {{xtag|math|params=chem}} markup methods when possible.

Note, that the commands <code>\cee</code> and <code>\cf</code> are disabled, because they are marked as deprecated in the [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/mhchem mhchem LaTeX package documentation].

If the formula reaches a certain "complexity", spaces might be ignored (<code><nowiki><chem>A + B</chem></nowiki></code> might be rendered as if it were <code><nowiki><chem>A+B</chem></nowiki></code> with a positive charge). In that case, write <code><nowiki><chem>A{} + B</chem></nowiki></code> (and ''not'' <code><nowiki><chem>{A} + {B}</chem></nowiki></code> as was previously suggested). This will allow auto-cleaning of formulas once the bug will be fixed and/or a newer <code>mhchem</code> version will be used.

Please note that there are still [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140217 major issues] with mhchem support in MediaWiki. Some issues can be solved by enabling the extension using {{xtag|math|params=chem}} and formatting individual items with <code>\ce</code>. For example, {{markup2|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><math chem>\ce{pIC_{50}} = -\log_{10} \ce{(IC_{50})}</math></syntaxhighlight>|r=<math chem>\ce{pIC_{50}} = -\log_{10} \ce{(IC_{50})}</math>}}

===Molecular and condensed formula===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem !! {{tlx|chem}} !! {{tlx|chem2}} !! Equivalent HTML
|-
|style="vertical-align:bottom"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki><chem>H2O</chem></nowiki>|<chem>H2O</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>Sb2O3</chem></nowiki>|<chem>Sb2O3</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>(NH4)2S</chem></nowiki>|<chem>(NH4)2S</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}H{{!}}2{{!}}O{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}Sb{{!}}2{{!}}O{{!}}3{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}({{((}}chem{{!}}N{{!}}H{{!}}4{{))}}){{!}}2{{!}}S{{))}}
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}H2O{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}Sb2O3{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}(NH4)2S{{))}}
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |H<sub>2</sub>O
 |Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
 |(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S
}}
|}

===Bonds===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem !! Equivalent {{tlx|chem}} and HTML !! {{tlx|chem2}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:bottom"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki><chem>C6H5-CHO</chem></nowiki>|<chem>C6H5-CHO</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>A-B=C#D</chem></nowiki>|<chem>A-B=C#D</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki>{{chem|C|6|H|5}}-CHO
<br/>
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CHO</nowiki>
 |{{chem|C|6|H|5}}-{{chem|C|H|O}}
<br/>

C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CHO

 |A-B{{=}}C≡D
 |N/A
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|C6H5\sCHO}}</nowiki>
 |{{chem2|C6H5\sCHO}}
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|1=A\sB=C≡D}}</nowiki>
 |{{chem2|1=A\sB=C≡D}}
}}
|}

===Charges===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem !! {{tlx|chem}} !! {{tlx|chem2}} !! Equivalent HTML
|-
|style="vertical-align:bottom"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki><chem>H+</chem></nowiki>|<chem>H+</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>NO3-</chem></nowiki>|<chem>NO3-</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>CrO4^2-</chem></nowiki>|<chem>CrO4^2-</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>AgCl2-</chem></nowiki>|<chem>AgCl2-</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>[AgCl2]-</chem></nowiki>|<chem>[AgCl2]-</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>Y^99+</chem></nowiki>
<nowiki><chem>Y^{99+}</chem></nowiki>|<chem>Y^99+</chem><br/><chem>Y^{99+}</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}H{{!}}+{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}N{{!}}O{{!}}3{{!}}-{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}Cr{{!}}O{{!}}4{{!}}2-{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}Ag{{!}}Cl{{!}}2{{!}}-{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}[{{((}}chem{{!}}Ag{{!}}Cl{{!}}2{{))}}]{{!}}-{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}Y{{!}}99+{{))}}
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}H+{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}NO3(-){{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}CrO4(2-){{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}AgCl2(-){{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}[AgCl2](-){{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}Y(99+){{))}}
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
|H<sup>+</sup>|NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>|CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>|AgCl<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>|[AgCl<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup>|Y<sup>99+</sup>}}
|}

===Addition compounds and stoichiometric numbers===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem !! {{tlx|chem}} !! {{tlx|chem2}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:middle"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:middle
 |<nowiki><chem>MgSO4.7H2O</chem></nowiki>|<chem>MgSO4.7H2O</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>KCr(SO4)2*12H2O</chem></nowiki>|<chem>KCr(SO4)2*12H2O</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>CaSO4.1/2H2O + 1\!1/2 H2O -> CaSO4.2H2O</chem></nowiki>|<chem>CaSO4.1/2H2O + 1\!1/2 H2O -> CaSO4.2H2O</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>25/2 O2 + C8H18 -> 8 CO2 + 9 H2O</chem></nowiki>|<chem>25/2 O2 + C8H18 -> 8 CO2 + 9 H2O</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:middle
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>{{chem|Mg|S|O|4}}&middot;7{{chem|H|2|O}}</syntaxhighlight>
 |{{chem|Mg|S|O|4}}&middot;7{{chem|H|2|O}}
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>{{chem|K|Cr|({{chem|S|O|4}})|2}}&middot;12{{chem|H|2|O}}</syntaxhighlight>
 |{{chem|K|Cr|({{chem|S|O|4}})|2}}&middot;12{{chem|H|2|O}}
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>{{chem|Ca|S|O|4}}&middot;&frac12;{{chem|H|2|O}} + 1&frac12;{{chem|H|2|O}} → {{chem|Ca|S|O|4}}&middot;2{{chem|H|2|O}}</syntaxhighlight>
 |{{chem|Ca|S|O|4}}&middot;&frac12;{{chem|H|2|O}} + 1&frac12;{{chem|H|2|O}} → {{chem|Ca|S|O|4}}&middot;2{{chem|H|2|O}}
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>{{frac|25|2}}{{chem|O|2}} + {{chem|C|8|H|18}} → 8{{chem|C|O|2}} + 9{{chem|H|2|O}}</syntaxhighlight>
 |{{frac|25|2}}{{chem|O|2}} + {{chem|C|8|H|18}} → 8{{chem|C|O|2}} + 9{{chem|H|2|O}}
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:middle
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|MgSO4*7H2O}}</nowiki>|{{chem2|MgSO4*7H2O}}
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|KCr(SO4)2*12H2O}}</nowiki>|{{chem2|KCr(SO4)2*12H2O}}
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|2CaSO4*H2O + 3H2O -> 2CaSO4*2H2O}}</nowiki>|{{chem2|2CaSO4*H2O + 3H2O -> 2CaSO4*2H2O}}
 |<nowiki>{{chem2|25 O2 + 2 C8H18 -> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O}}</nowiki>|{{chem2|25 O2 + 2 C8H18 -> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O}}
}}
|}

===Wiki linking===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! {{tlx|chem}}
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>25 {{chem|link=oxygen|O|2}} + 2 {{chem|link=octane|C|8|H|18}} → 16 {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}} + 18 {{chem|link=water|H|2|O}}</nowiki>
 |r=25 {{chem|link=oxygen|O|2}} + 2 {{chem|link=octane|C|8|H|18}} → 16 {{chem|link=Carbon dioxide|C|O|2}} + 18 {{chem|link=water|H|2|O}}
}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem2}}
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>{{chem2|25 [[oxygen|O2]] + 2 [[octane|C8H18]] -> 16 [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] + 18 [[water|H2O]]}}</nowiki>
 |r={{chem2|25 [[oxygen|O2]] + 2 [[octane|C8H18]] -> 16 [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] + 18 [[water|H2O]]}}
}}
|}

===(Italic) Math===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! mhchem
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><chem>{C_\mathit{x}H_\mathit{y}} + \mathit{z}O2 -> {\mathit{x}CO2} + \frac{\mathit{y}}{2}H2O</chem></syntaxhighlight>
 |r=<chem>{C_\mathit{x}H_\mathit{y}} + \mathit{z}O2 -> {\mathit{x}CO2} + \frac{\mathit{y}}{2}H2O</chem>
}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem}}
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>{{chem|C|''x''|H|''y''}} + ''z''{{chem|O|2}} → ''x''{{chem|C|O|2}} + {{frac|''y''|2}}{{chem|H|2|O}}</nowiki>
 |r={{chem|C|''x''|H|''y''}} + ''z''{{chem|O|2}} → ''x''{{chem|C|O|2}} + {{sfrac|''y''|2}}{{chem|H|2|O}}
}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem2}}
| {{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>{{chem2|C_{''x''}H_{''y''} + ''z'' O2 -> ''x'' CO2}} + {{sfrac|''y''|2}} {{chem2| H2O}}</nowiki>
 |r={{chem2|C_{''x''}H_{''y''} + ''z'' O2 -> ''x'' CO2}} + {{sfrac|''y''|2}} {{chem2| H2O}}
 }}
|}

===Oxidation states===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem
|style="vertical-align:bottom"|
{{markupv
  |m=<nowiki><chem>Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4</chem></nowiki>
  |r=<chem>Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4</chem>}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem}} with {{tag|sup}}
|{{markupv
  |m=<nowiki>{{chem|Fe|<sup>II</sup>|Fe|<sup>III</sup>|2|O|4}}</nowiki>
  |r={{chem|Fe|<sup>II</sup>|Fe|<sup>III</sup>|2|O|4}}
}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem2}}
|{{markupv
  |m=<nowiki>{{chem2|Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4}}</nowiki>
  |r={{chem2|Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4}}
}}
|}

===Greek characters===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! mhchem !! Equivalent {{tlx|chem}} and HTML !! {{tlx|chem2}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:center;"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:center
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><chem>\mu-Cl</chem></syntaxhighlight>|<chem>\mu-Cl</chem>
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><chem>[Fe(\eta^5-C5H5)2]</chem></syntaxhighlight>|<chem>[Fe(\eta^5-C5H5)2]</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:center
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>''μ''-Cl</syntaxhighlight>|''μ''-Cl
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="html">[{{chem|Fe|(''η''<sup>5</sup>-{{chem|C|5|H|5}})|2}}]

<br/>

[Fe(''η''<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]</syntaxhighlight>
 |[{{chem|Fe|(''η''<sup>5</sup>-{{chem|C|5|H|5}})|2}}]<br/>
[Fe(''η''<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup|
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}''μ''\sCl{{))}}
 |{{((}}chem2{{!}}[Fe(''\h''^{5}\sC5H5)2]{{))}}
}}
|}

===Isotopes===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! mhchem !! Equivalent {{tlx|chem}} and HTML
|-
|style="vertical-align:center;"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:center
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><chem>^{227}_{90}Th+</chem></syntaxhighlight>|<chem>^{227}_{90}Th+</chem>
 |<syntaxhighlight lang="tex" inline><chem>^0_{-1}n-</chem></syntaxhighlight>|<chem>^0_{-1}n-</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{markup|style=vertical-align:center
 |<nowiki>{{chem|227|90|Th|+}}</nowiki>|{{chem|227|90|Th|+}}
 |<nowiki>{{chem|0|-1}}n<sup>−</sup></nowiki>|{{chem|0|-1}}n<sup>−</sup>
 }}
|}

===States===
States subscripting is not IUPAC recommendation.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! mhchem !! {{tlx|chem}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:bottom;"|
{{markup
 |<nowiki><chem>H2_{(aq)}</chem>
</nowiki>|<chem>H2_{(aq)}</chem>
 |<nowiki><chem>CO3^{2-}(aq)</chem>
</nowiki>|<chem>CO3^{2-}(aq)</chem>
}}
|class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|
{{automarkup
 |{{((}}chem{{!}}H{{!}}2(aq){{))}} |{{((}}chem{{!}}C{{!}}O{{!}}3{{!}}2-{{))}}(aq)
}}
|}

===[[Precipitate]] and gas formation===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! mhchem
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki><chem>Ba^2+ + SO4^{2-} -> BaSO4(v)</chem></nowiki>|r=<chem>Ba^2+ + SO4^{2-} -> BaSO4(v)</chem>}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem}}
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>{{chem|Ba|2+}} + {{chem|S|O|4|2-}} → {{chem|Ba|S|O|4}}&darr;</nowiki>
 |r={{chem|Ba|2+}} + {{chem|S|O|4|2-}} → {{chem|Ba|S|O|4}}↓
}}
|-
! {{tlx|chem2}}
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki>{{chem2|Ba(2+) + SO4(2-) -> BaSO4&darr;}}</nowiki>
 |r={{chem2|Ba(2+) + SO4(2-) -> BaSO4↓}}
}}
|-
! Equivalent HTML
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="html" inline>Ba<sup>2+</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&minus;</sup> &rarr; BaSO<sub>4</sub>&darr;</syntaxhighlight>
 |r=Ba<sup>2+</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&minus;</sup> &rarr; BaSO<sub>4</sub>&darr;
}}
|-
! mhchem
|{{markupv|width=100%|style="vertical-align:middle"
 |m=<nowiki><chem>2HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 + H2 ^</chem></nowiki>|r=<chem>2HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 + H2 ^</chem>}}
|}

===Reaction arrows===
{{markup|style=vertical-align:middle
|<nowiki><chem>A -> B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A -> B</chem>
|<nowiki><chem>A <- B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A <- B</chem>
|<nowiki><chem>A <-> B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A <-> B</chem>
|<nowiki><chem>A <--> B</chem></nowiki>
|Unsupported{{efn|Expected result is [[File:Bi-dir reaction arrows.svg]] (longer {{code|\rightleftarrows}})}}
|<nowiki><chem>A <=> B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A <=> B</chem>
|<nowiki><chem>A <=>> B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A <=>> B</chem>
|<nowiki><chem>A <<=> B</chem></nowiki>
|<chem>A <<=> B</chem>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><chem>A ->[{}\atop x] B</chem></syntaxhighlight>
|<chem>A ->[{}\atop x] B</chem>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><chem>A ->[\text{text above}][\text{text below}] B</chem></syntaxhighlight>
|<chem>A ->[\text{text above}][\text{text below}] B</chem>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><chem>A ->[{}\atop\ce{+H2O}] B</chem></syntaxhighlight>
|<chem>A ->[{}\atop\ce{+H2O}] B</chem>
}}
==== Comparison of arrow symbols ====
{{markup
|<nowiki><math>\rightarrow</math></nowiki>|<math>\rightarrow</math>
|<nowiki><math>\rightleftarrows</math></nowiki>|<math>\rightleftarrows</math>
|<nowiki><math>\rightleftharpoons</math></nowiki>|<math>\rightleftharpoons</math>
|<nowiki><math>\leftrightarrow</math></nowiki>|<math>\leftrightarrow</math>
|<nowiki><math>\longrightarrow</math>
<chem>-></chem></nowiki>|<math>\longrightarrow</math><br/><chem>-></chem>
|<nowiki><math>\rightleftharpoons</math></nowiki>
<nowiki><chem><=></chem></nowiki>|<math>\rightleftharpoons</math><br/><chem><=></chem>
|<nowiki><math>\longleftrightarrow</math>
<chem><-></chem></nowiki>|<math>\longleftrightarrow</math><br/><chem><-></chem>
}}

===Further examples using ordinary LaTeX tags===
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
<math chem>\begin{align}
\overbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}^{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Brown}\overbrace{\ce{3(\lambda{-}Fe2O3)}}^{\text{maghemite}}}\\
\underbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}_{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Red}\underbrace{\ce{3(\alpha{-}Fe2O3)}}_{\text{hematite}}}
\end{align}</math>

</syntaxhighlight>
:<math chem>\begin{align}
\overbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}^{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Brown}\overbrace{\ce{3(\lambda{-}Fe2O3)}}^{\text{maghemite}}}\\
\underbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}_{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{BrickRed}\underbrace{\ce{3(\alpha{-}Fe2O3)}}_{\text{hematite}}}
\end{align}</math>
To align the equations or color them, use {{xtag|math chem}} and {{code|\ce}}.
{{-}}

==Commutative diagrams==
===1 step method ===
 <math>
\begin{array}{lcl}
 & X & \overset{f}\rightarrow & Z & \\
 & g \downarrow && \downarrow g'\\
 & Y & \underset{f'}\rightarrow & W & \\
\end{array}
</math>
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="tex"><math>
\begin{array}{lcl}
 & X & \overset{f}\rightarrow & Z & \\
 & g \downarrow && \downarrow g'\\
 & Y & \underset{f'}\rightarrow & W & \\
\end{array}
</math></syntaxhighlight>

===3 step method ===
[[File:First isomorphism theorem (plain).svg|thumb|A sample commutative diagram, created in the manner described]]
To make a [[commutative diagram]], there are three steps:

# write the diagram in [[TeX]]
# [[#Convert to SVG|convert to SVG]]
# [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]

====Diagrams in TeX====

[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic]{{efn|Use the barr option for commutative diagrams, e.g., <code>\usepackage[cmtip,all,barr]{xy}</code>.}} ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in [[TeX]]. Diagrams created using it can be found at [[commons:Category:Xy-pic diagrams|Commons: Category:Xy-pic diagrams]].

Simpler packages include:

*[[American Mathematical Society|AMS's]] [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
*Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
*François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]

The following is a template for Xy-pic:
<syntaxhighlight lang=latex>
\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone} % Crop to size, remove page numbers, leave margin
\usepackage[all]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package
\begin{document}
\SelectTips{eu}{} % Euler (shorter) arrowheads (tips)
$$
\xymatrix{
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}
$$
\end{document}
</syntaxhighlight>

Using postscript drivers may in some cases give smoother curves and will handle fonts differently:
<syntaxhighlight lang=latex>\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy}</syntaxhighlight>

====Convert to SVG====

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
pdflatex file.tex
pdf2svg file.pdf file.svg
</syntaxhighlight>

The [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/opensource/pdf2svg pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure. You can alternatively use [http://www.pdftron.com/pdf2svg/ pdf2svg] from PDFTron for the last step.

If you do not have [[pdfTeX]] (which is unlikely) you can use the following commands to replace the first step (TeX → PDF):
<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi
</syntaxhighlight>

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>inkscape</syntaxhighlight> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>pstoedit</syntaxhighlight> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[User:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

*a working TeX distribution, such as [[TeX Live]]
*[[Ghostscript]]
*[[pstoedit]]
*[[Inkscape]]

====Upload the file====
{{See also|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}
{{See also|Help:Contents/Images and media}}

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, to Commons.)

; Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <code>-y</code> option to <code>dvips</code>.
; Name: Make sure the file has a [[WP:Naming conventions|meaningful name]].
; Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.

Now go to the [[Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template:

<!-- XXX: Using obsolete <source> tag to <syntaxhightlight> itself -->
<source lang="wikitext">
{{Information
 |description =
     {{en|1= '''Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''}}
 |source = {{own}}, created as per:
  [[:en:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]];
  source code below.
 |date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
 |author = '''[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
 |permission = {{self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known licenses|other license]])'''
     |author = '''[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
}}

====TeX source====

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
 % TeX source here
</syntaxhighlight>
 
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]
[[Category:Xy-pic diagrams]]
[[Category:Images with LaTeX source code]]
</source>

; Source code
:*Include the source code in the [[Help:Image page|image page]], in the {{mono|Source}} section of the <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</code> template, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
:*Include the complete <code>.tex</code> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
:*You may optionally make the source code section collapsible, using the <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:cot|cot]]}}</code> or <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:cob|cob]]}}</code> templates.
:*(Don't include it in the Summary section, which is just supposed to be a summary.)
; License
: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <code>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</code>; some use <code>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-ineligible]]</code>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
; Description
: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram. (The <code>1=</code> is necessary if you use nest templates within the description, and harmless otherwise.)
; Category
: Include <code><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></code>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
; Include image
: Now include the image on the original page via <code><nowiki>[[File:Diagram.svg]]</nowiki></code>

====Examples====

A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:File:PSU-PU.svg]].

== Semantics and links ==
While links from formulas using LaTeX macros such as ''\href'' or ''\url'' or are currently not supported, one can link individual math expressions to Wikidata items to explain the meaning of individual terms of mathematical expressions. For example,
{{markupv
|r=<math qid=Q35875>E=mc^2</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="xml" inline><math qid=Q35875>E=mc^2</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}
links to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MathWikibase?qid=Q35875 a special page that displays additional information on that formula]<!--(feature available as of 10th of January 2020)-->.
To change the information shown on the special page, navigate to the Wikidata item linked at the bottom of the special page. Use the ''has part'' property to link parts of the equation to other Wikidata items with their respective Wikipedia articles. This is not limited to individual identifiers, but can also be used to link more complex terms.  

A condensed version of that special page might be shown in the future as a popup: [[phab:T239357]].

==Examples of implemented TeX formulas==
===Quadratic polynomial===
{{markupv
|r=<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Quadratic formula===
{{markupv
|r=<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Tall parentheses and fractions===
{{markupv
|r=<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>2 = \left(
\frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
\right)</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}
{{markupv
|r=<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline>
<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
</syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Integrals===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
= \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}
{{markupv
|r=<math>\int_e^{\infty}\frac {1}{t(\ln t)^2}dt = \left. \frac{-1}{\ln t} \right\vert_e^\infty = 1</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\int_e^{\infty}\frac {1}{t(\ln t)^2}dt = \left. \frac{-1}{\ln t} \right\vert_e^\infty = 1</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Matrices and determinants===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\det(\mathsf{A}-\lambda\mathsf{I}) = 0</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\det(\mathsf{A}-\lambda\mathsf{I}) = 0</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Summation===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}
{{markupv
|r=<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2 n}{3^m\left(m 3^n + n 3^m\right)}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2 n}{3^m\left(m 3^n + n 3^m\right)}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Differential equation===
{{markupv
|r=<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}
===Complex numbers===
{{markupv
|r=<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"><math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
|(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
\arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Limits===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\lim_{z\to z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\lim_{z\to z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Integral equation===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
\frac{\partial}{\partial R}
\left [ R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R} \right ] \,dR</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
\frac{\partial}{\partial R}
\left [ R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R} \right ] \,dR</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Example===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
\frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Continuation and cases===
{{markupv
|r=<math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"><math>f(x) =
  \begin{cases}
    1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
    \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
    1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}
  \end{cases}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Prefixed subscript===
{{markupv
|r=<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
= \sum_{n=0}^\infty
\frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
\frac{z^n}{n!}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Fraction and small fraction===
{{markupv
|r=<math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Area of a quadrilateral===
{{markupv
|r=<math>S=dD\sin\alpha</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math>S=dD\sin\alpha</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Volume of a sphere-stand===
{{markupv
|r=<math> V = \frac{1}{6} \pi h \left [ 3 \left( r_1^2+r_2^2 \right) + h^2 \right ] </math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" inline><math> V = \frac{1}{6} \pi h \left [ 3 \left ( r_1^2 + r_2^2 \right ) + h^2 \right ] </math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

===Multiple equations===

The altered newline code <code>\\[0.6ex]</code> below adds a vertical space between the two lines of length equal to <math>0.6</math> times the height of a single '<code>x</code>' character.

{{markupv
|r=<math>\begin{align}
u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\[0.6ex]
v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)
\end{align}</math>
|m=<syntaxhighlight lang="latex"><math>\begin{align}
u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\[0.6ex]
v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)
\end{align}</math></syntaxhighlight>
}}

==See also==
* {{tl|Math}}
* [[MathJax]]—[[Javascript]] library that converts LaTeX to [[MathML]]
* [[WP:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Typesetting of mathematical formulas|Typesetting of mathematical formulas]]
* [[Help:Score]] (a tag for [[tablature]]s, "sheet music") and [[Help:Musical symbols]]
* [[List of mathematical symbols]]
* [[WP:Rendering math]]
* [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/Archive 10#blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter|blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia]]
* [[commons:Category:Images which should use TeX]]
* [[Handwriting recognition]], another way to put formulas, in a visual manner.

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Notelist|30em}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|LaTeX}}
*[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45058 Task:Creating a visual VisualEditor plugin tool to add/edit maths blocks] in [[phab:|Wikimedia Phabricator]]
*[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial]
*[http://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php LaTex online editor]
*{{Citation
|last= Doob
|first= Michael
|title= A Gentle Introduction to TeX: A Manual for Self-study
|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf
|doi= |ref=none}}. A paper introducing TeX — see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
*{{Citation
|last= Oetiker
|first= Tobias
|last2= Partl
|first2= Hubert
|last3= Hyna
|first3= Irene
|last4= Schlegl
|first4= Elisabeth
|title= The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2<sub>&epsilon;</sub>
|date= December 13, 2009
|edition= 4.27
|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf
|doi= |ref=none}}. A paper introducing LaTeX — skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
*[http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]—symbols not found here may be documented there.
*[http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/esint/esint-doc.pdf The esint package for closed double integrals]
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*{{cite web | title=Handwriting Recognition |publisher=Mathpix| url=https://mathpix.com/handwriting-recognition}} Optical character recognition of handwritten mathematical formulas into LaTeX and other formats, offering 10 free snips a month (registration required).
*cancel package [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cancel homepage] and [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf PDF documentation]
*[http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[http://milde.users.sourceforge.net/LUCR/Math/unimathsymbols.html List of mathematical symbols with their Unicode characters and their LaTeX commands]
*[[MathML]]: A product of the [[W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine-to-machine communication
* [https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/maths.html HTML Math and the <MATH> tag], [[W3C]].

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